Hey there,
I dont know about SteamOS, I avoid Steam nowadays, but I use Duckstation on Debian and Arch distros with Lutris, VKBasalt, GOverlay and Gamescope. This is an alternative to reshade and allows the use of Retroarch’s CRT shaders ported to reshade fxs, like what’s available here. This way I use shaders on everything I want, including also PCSX2 and a lot of abandonwares, and some indie games with pixel graphics like AM2R.
AFAIK There’s no GUI except the options you’d find in Lutris, so reading the github install and config section helps. Once VKBasalt is installed, you can use the environment variable ENABLE_VKBASALT=1 (in lutris advanced options) and vkbasalt.conf files (that you’ll edit manually). In these you’ll specify the shader chain you want to use by writing the .fx files and their paths.
You mays also have to edit the fx files themselves to fit your resolution and match the Retroarch settings you’re used to, or those from Kokoko3k’s you want to reproduce.
To set all that up is not as user friendly as using Retroarch, if you’re not comfortable with all that tinkering on linux, I’d advise to take things slow. Maybe also give a spin of your game on Swanstation or Beetle PSX / HW before judging them too hastily. So far they’ve played almost everything I tried just fine.